Eyring–Polanyi equation

It is an equation used in chemical kinetics to describe the variance of the rate of a chemical reaction with temperature.

The Eyring equation is used in the study of solution phase reactions and mixed phase reactions.  

Boltzmann's Constant

Boltzmann's Constant (k) is a relation of macroscopic and microscopic properties. It is a physical constant relating energy at the individual particle level with temperature.

Where R is ideal gas law constant.

Avogadro Number.

The accepted value in SI units is 1.38064852(79)×10−23 m2 kg s-2 K-1

It has same dimensions as that of Entropy. 

Codes and Standards

ASME Power Piping Code B 31.1 minimum requirement for Power and Auxiliary Service Piping. Code deals with piping greater than 100 Psig but the code is followed as standard for all condensate systems.

Thermodynamic Cycles

1- Thermodynamic Power Cycle

Heat Flows from Higher Temperature to Lower Temperature and Work is an output.  

1a- Vapor Power Cycle (Vapor is the main Working Fluid)

      Carnot Cycle 
      Ideal Cycle, Indicating the maximum possible efficiency between two temperature reservoirs. It is a hypothetical cycle assuming processes are isentropic and adiabatic. Which can be seen on T-S Diagram of Carnot Cycles. The concept of entropy is not available in the Carnot Cycle. 

Actual Situation

Isentropic expansion will result in increase in moisture content which is harmful for turbine blades. Isentropic compression of mixture requires more work input. 

      Rankine Cycle

It is an idealized cycle for heat engines. The Rankine Cycle is much more practical then the Carnot Cycle because the working fluid typically exists as a single phase (liquid or vapor) for the two pressure change processes. 

1b- Gas Power Cycle (Gas/Air is main Working Fluid)

      Brayton Cycle

      Otto Cycle

      Diesel Cycle

2- Heat Pump / Refrigeration Cycle

Heat Flows from Lower Temperature to Higher Temperature through input of Work. 

Thumb Rules

Velocity at Pump Inlet and Outlet

1- Velocity should not exceed 1.8 m/sec [5.9 ft/sec] at Suction Pipe

2- Velocity should not exceed 2.5 m/sec [8.2 ft/sec] at Discharge Pipe

3-Velocity below 0.5 m/sec [1.64 ft/sec] give rise to sediments

4-Velocity above 5.0 m/sec [16.4 ft/sec] give rise to abrasion

Manning's Equation

One the most commonly used equations governing Open Channel Flow is known as the Mannings’s Equation. It was introduced by the Irish Engineer Robert Manning in 1889 as an alternative to the Chezy Equation. 

The Mannings equation is an Semi empirical equation that applies to uniform flow in open channels where the water is open to the atmosphere. It is a function of the channel velocity, flow area and channel slope.

A common use of the Manning Equation is for water flow rate calculation in an open channel. It can also be used to calculate values of other uniform open channel flow parameters such as channel slope, Manning roughness coefficient, or normal depth, when the water flow rate through the open channel is known.

Where:

          Q = Flow Rate, (ft³/s)

          v = Velocity, (ft/s)               

          A = Flow Area, (ft²)

          n = Manning’s Roughness Coefficient

          R = Hydraulic Radius, (ft)

          S = Channel Slope, (ft/ft)

Manning n varies with the roughness of the pipe, culvert, or channel. The higher the n, the rougher the material.

       Manning's n for Channels (Chow, 1959).

Type of Channel and Description	Minimum	Normal	Maximum
Natural streams - minor streams (top width at floodstage < 100 ft)
1. Main Channels
a. clean, straight, full stage, no rifts or deep pools	0.025	0.030	0.033
b. same as above, but more stones and weeds	0.030	0.035	0.040
c. clean, winding, some pools and shoals	0.033	0.040	0.045
d. same as above, but some weeds and stones	0.035	0.045	0.050
e. same as above, lower stages, more ineffective   slopes and sections	0.040	0.048	0.055
f. same as "d" with more stones	0.045	0.050	0.060
g. sluggish reaches, weedy, deep pools	0.050	0.070	0.080
h. very weedy reaches, deep pools, or floodways   with heavy stand of timber and underbrush	0.075	0.100	0.150
2. Mountain streams, no vegetation in channel, banks usually steep, trees and brush along banks submerged at high stages
a. bottom: gravels, cobbles, and few boulders	0.030	0.040	0.050
b. bottom: cobbles with large boulders	0.040	0.050	0.070
3. Floodplains
a. Pasture, no brush
1.short grass	0.025	0.030	0.035
2. high grass	0.030	0.035	0.050
b. Cultivated areas
1. no crop	0.020	0.030	0.040
2. mature row crops	0.025	0.035	0.045
3. mature field crops	0.030	0.040	0.050
c. Brush
1. scattered brush, heavy weeds	0.035	0.050	0.070
2. light brush and trees, in winter	0.035	0.050	0.060
3. light brush and trees, in summer	0.040	0.060	0.080
4. medium to dense brush, in winter	0.045	0.070	0.110
5. medium to dense brush, in summer	0.070	0.100	0.160
d. Trees
1. dense willows, summer, straight	0.110	0.150	0.200
2. cleared land with tree stumps, no sprouts	0.030	0.040	0.050
3. same as above, but with heavy growth of sprouts	0.050	0.060	0.080
4. heavy stand of timber, a few down trees, little   undergrowth, flood stage below branches	0.080	0.100	0.120
5. same as 4. with flood stage reaching  branches	0.100	0.120	0.160
4. Excavated or Dredged Channels
a. Earth, straight, and uniform
1. clean, recently completed	0.016	0.018	0.020
2. clean, after weathering	0.018	0.022	0.025
3. gravel, uniform section, clean	0.022	0.025	0.030
4. with short grass, few weeds	0.022	0.027	0.033
b. Earth winding and sluggish
1.  no vegetation	0.023	0.025	0.030
2. grass, some weeds	0.025	0.030	0.033
3. dense weeds or aquatic plants in deep channels	0.030	0.035	0.040
4. earth bottom and rubble sides	0.028	0.030	0.035
5. stony bottom and weedy banks	0.025	0.035	0.040
6. cobble bottom and clean sides	0.030	0.040	0.050
c. Dragline-excavated or dredged
1.  no vegetation	0.025	0.028	0.033
2. light brush on banks	0.035	0.050	0.060
d. Rock cuts
1. smooth and uniform	0.025	0.035	0.040
2. jagged and irregular	0.035	0.040	0.050
e. Channels not maintained, weeds and brush uncut
1. dense weeds, high as flow depth	0.050	0.080	0.120
2. clean bottom, brush on sides	0.040	0.050	0.080
3. same as above, highest stage of flow	0.045	0.070	0.110
4. dense brush, high stage	0.080	0.100	0.140
5. Lined or Constructed Channels
a. Cement
1.  neat surface	0.010	0.011	0.013
2. mortar	0.011	0.013	0.015
b. Wood
1. planed, untreated	0.010	0.012	0.014
2.  planed, creosoted	0.011	0.012	0.015
3. unplaned	0.011	0.013	0.015
4. plank with battens	0.012	0.015	0.018
5. lined with roofing paper	0.010	0.014	0.017
c. Concrete
1. trowel finish	0.011	0.013	0.015
2. float finish	0.013	0.015	0.016
3. finished, with gravel on bottom	0.015	0.017	0.020
4. unfinished	0.014	0.017	0.020
5. gunite, good section	0.016	0.019	0.023
6. gunite, wavy section	0.018	0.022	0.025
7. on good excavated rock	0.017	0.020
8. on irregular excavated rock	0.022	0.027
d. Concrete bottom float finish with sides of:
1. dressed stone in mortar	0.015	0.017	0.020
2. random stone in mortar	0.017	0.020	0.024
3. cement rubble masonry, plastered	0.016	0.020	0.024
4. cement rubble masonry	0.020	0.025	0.030
5. dry rubble or riprap	0.020	0.030	0.035
e. Gravel bottom with sides of:
1. formed concrete	0.017	0.020	0.025
2. random stone mortar	0.020	0.023	0.026
3. dry rubble or riprap	0.023	0.033	0.036
f. Brick
1. glazed	0.011	0.013	0.015
2. in cement mortar	0.012	0.015	0.018
g. Masonry
1. cemented rubble	0.017	0.025	0.030
2. dry rubble	0.023	0.032	0.035
h. Dressed ashlar/stone paving	0.013	0.015	0.017
i. Asphalt
1. smooth	0.013	0.013
2. rough	0.016	0.016
j. Vegetal lining	0.030		0.500

Manning's n for Closed Conduits Flowing Partly Full  (Chow, 1959).

Type of Conduit and Description	Minimum	Normal	Maximum
1. Brass, smooth:	0.009	0.010	0.013
2. Steel:
Lockbar and welded	0.010	0.012	0.014
Riveted and spiral	0.013	0.016	0.017
3. Cast Iron:
Coated	0.010	0.013	0.014
Uncoated	0.011	0.014	0.016
4. Wrought Iron:
Black	0.012	0.014	0.015
Galvanized	0.013	0.016	0.017
5. Corrugated Metal:
Subdrain	0.017	0.019	0.021
Stormdrain	0.021	0.024	0.030
6. Cement:
Neat Surface	0.010	0.011	0.013
Mortar	0.011	0.013	0.015
7. Concrete:
Culvert, straight and free of debris	0.010	0.011	0.013
Culvert with bends, connections, and some debris	0.011	0.013	0.014
Finished	0.011	0.012	0.014
Sewer with manholes, inlet, etc., straight	0.013	0.015	0.017
Unfinished, steel form	0.012	0.013	0.014
Unfinished, smooth wood form	0.012	0.014	0.016
Unfinished, rough wood form	0.015	0.017	0.020
8. Wood:
Stave	0.010	0.012	0.014
Laminated, treated	0.015	0.017	0.020
9. Clay:
Common drainage tile	0.011	0.013	0.017
Vitrified sewer	0.011	0.014	0.017
Vitrified sewer with manholes, inlet, etc.	0.013	0.015	0.017
Vitrified Subdrain with open joint	0.014	0.016	0.018
10. Brickwork:
Glazed	0.011	0.013	0.015
Lined with cement mortar	0.012	0.015	0.017
Sanitary sewers coated with sewage slime with bends and connections	0.012	0.013	0.016
Paved invert, sewer, smooth bottom	0.016	0.019	0.020
Rubble masonry, cemented	0.018	0.025	0.030

Manning's n for Corrugated Metal Pipe  (AISI, 1980).  

Type of Pipe, Diameter and Corrugation Dimension	n
1. Annular 2.67 x 1/2 inch (all diameters)	0.024
2. Helical 1.50 x 1/4 inch
8" diameter	0.012
10" diameter	0.014
3. Helical 2.67 x 1/2 inch
12" diameter	0.011
18" diameter	0.014
24" diameter	0.016
36" diameter	0.019
48" diameter	0.020
60" diameter	0.021
4. Annular 3x1 inch (all diameters)	0.027
5. Helical 3x1 inch
48" diameter	0.023
54" diameter	0.023
60" diameter	0.024
66" diameter	0.025
72" diameter	0.026
78" diameter and larger	0.027
6. Corrugations 6x2 inches
60" diameter	0.033
72" diameter	0.032
120" diameter	0.030
180" diameter	0.028